art since 1945

Art since 1945 from addierprice

We won't have much if any time in class to discuss art since 1945 and I am sincerely sorry. Review this presentation + notes to bring yourself up to speed!

Early 20th Century Architecture

Early 20th century Architecture + my own notes FOR REVIEW!

Early 20th c architecture from addierprice

Important AP information

A few notes about next Tuesday:
The AP Art History test is scheduled for next Tuesday, May 7 at 12 pm
- Students with 6B, 3A or 7B lunch should eat during period 6B. Students with 2A lunch will eat at their normal time and attend their 6B class.
- Students must be at the testing room by 11:45 AM.
- Exams will begin at 12 Noon
- There is a break midway through the exam when students can have a snack.
- Exams conclude at approximately 3:30-3:45 PM
- Students are dismissed as a group. No one is dismissed prior to conclusion of the exam.

What should students bring to the exam?

• At least two, sharpened #2 pencils. Mechanical pencils are okay. You may bring
a small pencil sharpener.
• At least two pens with black or dark blue ink.
• Calculator and extra batteries (if permitted in your test)
• Snack/drink.

What items are prohibited in the testing room?

• Cell phones, music players, headphones, laptops, tablets or any other electronic
devices.
• AP study guides, review books, texts, or materials for the subject of the exam.

Use this online sample EXAM to see what you know and what you need to review. It will tell you immediately what questions you answer correctly or incorrectly.

Review

Review dates and time periods here

Click through it a few times to refresh yourself!

Pre-Modernism: Realism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism & Symbolism

KEY IDEAS

• Realism was based on theory of positivism (information derived from logical and mathematical treatments, empirical evidence --> can be PROVEN!)
• Japanese art had profound impact on late 19th c. painters (JAPONISME)
• Impressionist art is all about painting in "plein-air" - captures fleeting, shifting atmosphere of nature --> COLOR, LIGHT & THE MOMENTARY
• Post-Impressionists gave Impressionist ideals structure (back to picture making instead of recreating nature)
• Symbolist painters seek to portray mystical personal visions - INDIVIDUAL EXPRESSION, making the invisible visible
• Skyscraper is new type of building due to technological advances (ferroconcrete, steel & the elevator)
• Art Nouveau unifies painting, sculpture and architecture with lines and organic forms and motifs (twining plants and vegetal patterns)
• Artists were inspired by the past but rejected traditional subjects
• Almost ALL art was purely secular, very little religious symbolism or intent 

HISTORY

• Europe was in shift from aristocracies to democracies = REVOLUTION! 
• Franco-Prussian War of 1870
• Concept of Positivism promoted by Comte (knowledge must come from proven ideas based off science)
• Darwin & Marx --> human evolution and social equality, influential radical ideas
• Invention of telephones, bikes, cars, motion pictures! 
• THE AVANT-GARDE (art movements are constantly breaking away and reinventing previous groups)

RESOURCES:
REALISM:

• SmartHistory's background information on REALISM 
• Explore Courbet's Burial at Ornans and The Stonebreakers
• Millet's The Gleaners
• HIGHLY RECOMMENDED: SmartHistory's explanation of Manet's Le Dejeuner sur l'herbe

JAPONISME:

• Great resource for miniature Japanese woodblock printing 
• The Met's great explanation of Japonisme

IMPRESSIONISM:

• How did the Impressionists get their name?
• Explore SmartHistory's Impressionist Resources (watch clips about Monet, Cassatt, Caillebotte and Renoir)
• A somewhat silly but helpful lesson on Impressionis & Post-Impressionism 

BBC Special about the Impressionists, watch if you have the time! There are 3 installments.


Post-IMPRESSIONISM:

• Explore Van Gogh's life in this National Gallery Van Gogh Exhibit
• SmartHistory Post-Impressionist Resources
• Explore the Art Institute of Chicago's Impressionist & Post-Impressionist Collections

SYMBOLISM:

• Explore the work of Odilon Redon (The Cyclops)
• The Met's explanation of Symbolism 

Quiz

Tomorrow's (4/11) quiz will cover Baroque through the Enlightenment (chapters 24, 25 & 29).

Some have expressed that the Baroque Deck of Cards for French/Northern Baroque art. Hopefully it is more legible here:

Deck of Cards- Northern Baroque

Review!

Quiz yourself with these artist review powerpoints!

• The Age of the Enlightenment
• Baroque Artist Review
• The Northern Renaissance
• The High Renaissance
• 15th century Italian Renaissance
  

Rococo & Neoclassicism

Rococo (1700-1750) meaning "shell" or "pebble"

HISTORY & KEY FACTS

• Shift of power from royal court to aristocracy (Baroque to Rococo)
• French Royal Academy sets tone for artistic taste in Paris
• Fete Galante - Aristocrats leisurely pursuits!
• Satire

Rococo Architecture

• No straight lines - height of refinement, feminine
• Building as sculpture, as if growing and moving 
• No empty spaces, small relief sculptures of cupids and clouds
• MAJOR WORKS
• Hall of Mirrors, the Amalienburg, Munich, Germany, early 18th c.

Rococo Painting

• No straight lines (even in frames), delicate curves
• Sensual, frivolity, extravagant and fluffy
• Scenes of love and romance 
• Dainty figures
• Airy, shimmering pastel colors
• MAJOR WORKS
• Jean-Antoine Watteau, The Return from Cythera, 1717-1719
• Jean-Honore Fragonard, The Swing, 1766

Rousseau and the 'Natural'

• Elisabeth Louise Vigee-Lebrun, Self Portrait, 1790
• Hogarth, Breakfast Scene from Marriage a la Mode, 1745
• Benjamin West, Death of General Wolfe, 1771

THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND NEOCLASSICISM
KEY FACTS & HISTORY

• The Age of Reason - Voltaire 
• Strong linear quality, dramatically lit figures 
• More democratic, rejected the authority of the aristocracy and monarchy
• Inspired by the excavation of Pompeii and Herculaneum
• Industrial Revolution: Population BOOM
• The French Revolution! 

Neoclassical Archiecture 

• Cast iron
• Revision of classical principles on a modern framework
• Inspiration: Palladio and Inigo Jones
• Symmetry, balance, composition and order
• Special rooms (green or Etruscan room, for example)
• MAJOR WORKS: 
• Boyle and Kent, Chiswick House, 1725 (Jefferson's Monticello)
• Darby and Pritchard, Coalbrookdale Bridge, 1776-1779 **IRON

Neoclassical Painting

• Modern sitters in ancient garb
• Exemplum virtutis (moral lesson)
• Rationality, symmetry, linear perspective
• clarity of details, LINES
• MAJOR WORKS
• David, Oath of the Horatii, 1784
• David, Death of Marat, 1793 

  Resources:

• Crash Course History: The French Revolution! 
• The Metropolitan Museum's Heilbrunn Timeline puts Romanticism in perspective
•  SmartHistory's "The Swing" by Fragonard
• SmartHistory's explanation of the "Death of Marat" by David

 

Artwork Trading Cards

Inspired by the flashcards we made last week, each of you will create (2) artwork trading cards. Download and fill in the card template to create your cards.
Requirements:

• Image and identification of artwork (non-blurry or pixelated images)
• Identify the period and location (i.e. Baroque Dutch)
• Symbols, icons or reminders of the key components of the work (i.e. a crown to represent royalty, skull to represent death, etc.)
• Key facts organized under easy-to-read notes (Patron, subject and key facts are included but consider: composition, symbolism, scene, technique, etc.)
• Include what makes this piece BAROQUE 
• Tips:
• Use bullet points to organize and simplify your notes 
•  Be sure text wrapping is tight to maximize your card's space
• Put important phrases or terms in BOLD

Assignments: 

1.    Valeria – Rubens, Elevation of the Cross, p. 675

De la Tour, Adoration of the Shepherds

2.    Clare – Judith Leyster, Self-Portrait, p. 682

Palace of Versailles, p. 698

3.    Evelyn – Van Dyck, Charles I Dismounted, p. 678

Hardouin-Mansart, Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, p. 699

4.    Eleanor – Hals, Archers of the Saint Hadrian, p. 681

Rigaud, Louis XIV, p. 696

5.    Somaje – ter Brugghen, Calling of St. Matthew, p. 679

Inigo Jones, Banqueting House, p. 701

6.    Sebastian – Rembrandt, Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp, p. 683

Wren, St. Paul’s Cathedral, p. 702

7.    Julia – Rembrandt, Self-Portrait, p. 685

Vermeer, The Allegory of the Art of Painting, p. 689 (pic on p. 672)

8.    Dante  - Rembrandt, The Night Watch, p. 684

Honthorst, Supper Party, p. 681

9.    Andy - Poussin, Et in Arcadia Ego, p. 691

Kalf and Ruysch – still life painting, p. 690-1)

10. Roujia – Rembrandt, Return of the Prodigal Son, 1665

Callot, Hanging Tree, p. 695

11. Lorenzo – Ruisdael, View of Haarlem from the Dunes, p. 687

Perrault, le Vau, Le Brun, The Louvre, p. 697

12. Matt – Claesz, Vanitas Still Life, p. 690

Versailles Park/Gardens, p. 698-9

13. Marquise – Rembrandt, Christ with the Sick around Him, p. 686

Eglise du Dome, Paris p. 700

14. Michael – Vermeer, The Letter, p. 688

Cuyp, Distant View of Dordrecht, p. 687

15. Emily – Steen, Feast of St. Nicholas, p. 689

Hals, Women Regents of the Old Men’s Home at Haarlem, p. 682

16. Morgan – Lorrain, Landscape with Cattle and Peasants, p. 693

Peeters, Still Life with Flowers, Goblet, Dried Fruit and Pretzels, p. 678

Things to Look for in Baroque Art:

• Direct, obvious, and dramatic images
• Tries to draw the viewer in to participate in the scene, breaks down barriers
• REALISM - Depictions feel physically and psychologically real. Emotional intensity
• Extravagant settings and ornamentation, ostentatious at times
• Dramatic use of color.
• Dramatic contrasts between light and dark, light and shadow. (TENEBRISM)
• Baroque art has continuous overlapping of figures and elements, contrary to Renaissance art with its clearly defined planes, with each figure placed in isolation from each other.
• Common themes: grandiose visions, ecstasies and conversions (transformation), martyrdom and death, intense light, intense psychological moments.

SAMPLE:

Look at this art history blog for inspiration

Due Wednesday, March 20. Emailed or hard copy.

Baroque

Click through this helpful summary of the Baroque period!

(I didn't make it, but I found it quite informative)

Bernini and Baroque Italy

Baroque - derived from a word meaning imperfect pearl, "irregularly-shaped" or "odd"

"If it's not Baroque, don't fix it!"

• At first, the term Baroque was used derogatorily, to refer to the excess and unclarity relative to High Renaissance ideals.
• Baroque art is vast and varied, but is heavily influenced by the Counter-Reformation, post-Protestant Reformation. 
• Resurgence of the majesty of the Catholic church!
• Protestant Baroque art flourished in Holland, acted as a counter-voice for Catholic art
• Can be separated into two schools of thought: Classicists (inspired by Raphael) and Naturalists (inspired by Titian)
• Baroque architecture reflects the magnificent majesty of Royal European courts

Bernini - Architect, painter, sculptor extraordinaire! 

• Devout Catholic - part of the Church's Counter-Reformative movement 
• INCREDIBLE mastery of marble, able to convey a multitude of textures, weights and emotions seemingly effortlessly - like an artistic alchemist! 
• Captures moments of ACTION and movement 
• Theatrical, dramatic, engages the audience

If you can, watch this entire BBC documentary! It goes in depth into Bernini's life, nature and incredible lifelike sculptures. Gardner's only includes a handful of Bernini's works, not doing him justice. Check out Abduction of Proserpine and Apollo and Daphne! 

This is how Bernini's sculptures make me feel:  

That's all marble? Mind = blown

Bosch and the Northern Renaissance

Key Ideas 

•  Reformation sparked a series of ICONOCLASM! Nonetheless, this was a creative and important period for art.
• Sculptors found ways around Protestant iconoclastic moves, sneakily representing figures without appearing to create false pagan idols
• Heavy influence of the Italian Renaissance while maintaining the Northern European style (remember the nut!)

What caused the Reformation?

• Corruption within the Roman Catholic Church during the Renaissance: sale of indulgences (buying one's way into heaven), sale of church offices, nepotism (familial favoritism), decline of morality among clergy... Luther even referred to the pope as the antichrist and the Catholic Church as the "whore of Babylon"! Harsh.
• Humanism questioned the Church's deeply-rooted traditions, contradicted the emphasis on salvation and instead focused on human value and the earthly realm.
• Resentment of secular rulers over the power of the popes and clergy 

 Please watch this BBC documentary about Bosch's Garden of Earthly Delights. It's an hour long, but I assure you, it's fun to watch and totally fascinating/disturbing/funny/incredible!

For homework: Imagine you are a Netherlandish citizen living in the 16th century. Write a 1-2 page imaginary journal entry responding to viewing the Garden of Earthly Delights for the first time. Be sure to choose a stance of who you are and how this might impact your viewing (for example, male or female, Catholic vs. Protestant, old vs. young). Remember, this painting would be seen VERY differently in the 16th c. compared to how we see it now (as a surrealist work).

Sample: "Dear diary, I witnessed the strangest thing today after receiving the sacrament at church. As usual, I visited my uncle's house with my mother and baby sister. However this time, he unveiled a new painting by someone named Bosch. Bosch must be a madman, because..." etc. etc. etc.
 (This passage reveals the writer is a young Catholic person)

This is DUE THURSDAY, MARCH 7.

Lastly, check out these helpful resources for 16th century Northern Art

• SmartHistory's Holbein's French Ambassadors
• SmartHistory's Durer's Four Apostles
• SmartHistory's Breugel's The Dutch Proverbs
• Durer on Google Art Project

Protestant Reformation & Counter-Reformation

Read this informative SmartHistory explanation of the Protestant Reformation and subsequent Counter-Reformation! Super Helpful in understanding the role of Catholic Church.

Martin Luther, initiator of the Protestant Reformation

Artist review

Review your Renaissance artists, key concepts and characteristics!
E. Northern Renaissance

• Jan Van Eyck
• microscopic detail (oil paint)
• symbolism and mystery (Arnolfini Wedding & Ghent Altarpiece)
• layers of meaning

High and Late Italian Renaissance

• Leonardo da Vinci
• True Renaissance man (not only an artist, but engineer, botanist, anatomist, naturalist, inventor, etc.
• psychological intensity (Mona Lisa)
• soft and hazy atmosphere (sfumato, atmospheric perspective)
• balanced and symmetrical compositions, pyramidal (Last Supper, Madonna of the Rocks)
• Mystery and intrigue 

  

• Raphael
• The true painter
• clarity and color (inspired by his teacher, Perugino)
• Popular for Holy Family compositions (Madonna of the Meadow)
• Master of perspective, chiaroscuro

• Michelangelo
• sculptor with divine power ("Il divino")
• monumental and colossal sculpture, HEROIC
• Marble master, works from single block (sculpture is "trapped" in block waiting to be released)
• Anticipatory tension, moment before the action (David, Moses)
• Worked extensively for Pope Julius II
•  Painting: Classically inspired
• complicated arrangement of figures 
• monumental, muscular, powerful

• Bramante
• Pope's architect
• Believed central plan was ideal building plan
•  Circle as perfect form (Tempietto)

The Renaissance

A few additional awesome resources about the High Renaissance:

• Great archive of the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci
• Amazing 360 degree virtual tour of the Sistine Chapel (thanks Julia!)
• In depth look at Michelangelo's Last Judgment
• Explore the Renaissance through the Met's amazing Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
• Continue watching The Divine Michelangelo (part I, we watched part of this in class) and part II

Look the Ghent Altarpiece at the Getty in 100 billion pixels!!

Review

A few more useful resources for final exam review:

• Quizlet flashcards, test yourself on identifying these works
• Heilbrunn Art History Timelines: an incredible, in depth timeline from the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Review

Does the beginning of the year feel like ages ago? Watch these funny and informative short videos to refresh yourself on the history of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Greece!

30-Minute Essay and ABET recap

What the heck is the 30-minute essay going to be?!

To quote the CollegeBoard website: "The questions are designed to address significant art historical problems, including contextual, stylistic, chronological and patronage issues. No visuals are provided in this section; you are required to select and fully identify specific works of art as evidence in your essays. Therefore, the choice of the works you choose to discuss is critical to a complete and satisfactory essay; the examples must be appropriate and the works themselves must form the thesis and drive the argument.

The approach to successfully writing the long essays is very much like the strategy for writing the short essays. It is recommended that you spend at least five minutes planning and twenty-five minutes writing each essay. In the past, the questions from the long essay sections have been largely thematic and take into account broad global art historical experiences and different cultural values."

Long Essay tips & practice

• Review the Thematic Graphic Organizer. Familiarize yourself with the various essay topics. Begin to plan your topics for each theme. Which works of art do you feel most comfortable talking about? When you can write with knowledge and passion, your discussion is usually stronger.
• When you see the essay topic, don’t panic! Start making a list of several works of art that you think can fit the topic. Then, choose the work that you feel the most confident in describing. You should have 4 basic characteristics for each work of art that you choose. Explain your characteristics thoroughly, but stay on topic.   
• There are several examples of art that can be used for different topics. Example: Seated Statue of Khafre (Human form in art, power and authority, object of religious ritual).

Suggested: Choose 2 works of art (including architecture) from 2 different cultures beyond the European tradition and study it, A TON. You must be able to cite these works of art (title, artist, time period).
 Cultures: Egypt, Ancient Near East, Islam, China, India, Japan, Africa, Pre-Colombian America, and Oceania.   
Themes:

• Nature
• Deities (gods and worship)
• Sacred Spaces
• Family
• Human Body (male and female representation)
• Propaganda
• Violence in Art (war)
• Women in Art (feminism)
• Portraits
• Domestic Space
• Materials           

ABET THEMES (be sure to review your notes and cheat sheets from these presentations)
Africa before 1800
Theme: DIVERSITY
Key Ideas:

• Centered around spirituality, the spirit world and role of ancestors (present in many artworks)
• Fertility of man and of land is key
• Most common materials: wood, ivory and metal
• Mostly utilitarian, usually for ceremonies
• Architecture primarily mudbrick (Great Mosque)
• Stone used in Zimbabwe and Ethiopian churches

Africa After 1800
Theme: GIT (gender roles, international influences & traditions)
Key Ideas:   

• Traditional African forms continued into 19th c. (sculptures and shrines dedicated to ancestor worship)
• Royal arts also flourished (status symbols, luxurious materials)
• Master woodcarvers (nail figures)
• Most African sculpture exhibits hierarchy of scale (among figures and body parts, LARGE heads)
• Individual artists emerge in the 20th c. (Osei Bonsu, Olowe of Ise)
• Masquerades! Masks created for festive performances, almost always performed by men (gender roles)      
• Contemporary art (coffins & Apartheid protest)
• Influence of African and non-Africna art has shifted throughout history, African art has great influence outside Africa in 20th c.

Native America before 1300
Theme: No Wheels, No Metal, No Problem
Key Ideas:

• Indigenous arts span thousands of years and represent vastly different cultures and communities 
• Lived and created without the use of pack animals, wheels and metal instruments
• Built elaborate cities, structures, pottery and works of art
• Interest in spirituality and the cosmos (astronomy and astrology)
• Much art is related to ceremony or religious ritual
• Developed huge city-states featuring temple complexes rivaling any on Earth, old civilizations used as foundations for new ones (building upon preexisting sites)

Native Arts after 1300
Theme: 3C's (Codex, Construction & Crafts)
Key Ideas: 

Mesoamerica

• When Europeans arrived, they encountered sophisticated civilizations with long history of art production (including illustrated books)
• Aztecs were dominant power before Cortes overthrew them (capital at Tenochtitlan, grid plan)
• Religious beliefs included dramatic ritual at Great Temples (pyramids) including human sacrifice
• Created colossal stone sculptures (beheaded Coatlicue) 

South America

• Inka Empire in Peru engineered thousands of miles of roads, kept track of inventories, census and astronomical info  using a "computer of strings"
• Master architects using ashlar masonry (Machu Picchu)

North America

• Power more widely dispersed, more varied than Mesoamerica or S. America
• American Southwest: built urban settlements (pueblos) and decorated council houses (kivas) with murals, magnificent textiles, temporary sand paintings, carved Hopi katsina figurines
• Emphasis on spirituality, masks play important role (totem poles and transformation masks)

Oceania

Theme: OCEAN (Overall isolation, Community, Exaggerated features, Ancestors & New Proportions)

Key Ideas:

• Strong gender roles for creating art 
• Wood is primary material: perfected woodcarving (Bisj poles)
• Intricate lines and details
• Art of Easter Island is unusual in Oceanic art (colossal stone sculptures probably represent ancestors)
• Body adornment in form of tattooing is widespread in Polynesia (status, beautification, "spiritual armor")
• Some of the oldest inhabited areas on Earth (Aboriginals reached Australia some 50,000 years ago)
• Some places only inhabited up to 1000 years ago (Remote Pacific islands, Easter Island, New Zealand)   

      

South & Southeast Asia after 1300
Theme: MMMM (Mughal, Mixes, Minarets and [Taj] Mahal)
Key Ideas:

• Influence of Islam, Delhi's first mosque has tallest minaret in the world
• Combination of Hindu and Islamic architectural elements (ex: beehive-shaped Hindu temple + Islamic scalloped arches)
• Mughal sponsored series of important painting and architectural projects (Akbarnama, Akbar the Great's biography and the Taj Mahal, to memorialize his favorite wife)
• Combination of Buddhist and Hindu influences throughout Asian kingdoms outside India
• Queen Elizabeth I establishes East India Company, British influence (symbols of colonial rule)    

China and Korea after 1279
Theme: 
Key Ideas:

• Under first Yuan emperor, China was richer and more technologically advanced than Europe
• Renowned for calligraphy and porcelain pottery (cobalt blue glaze), painting flourished
• Forbidden City, imperial palace compound on axial plan (Ming Dynasty)
• While traditional painting still flourished, artists (Shitao) experimented with extreme effects (brushstrokes, massed ink)
• When Communists began gaining control in 1949, art started to focus on Marxist ideals (propaganda pieces)
• KOREA: erected impressive public monuments (Namdaemun gates, symbols of imperial power)
• KOREA: influence of modern art (Song Su-nam's landscapes)    

Japan after 1336
Theme: ZITT (Zen, Isolation, Transformation & Traditional)
Key Ideas: 

•  Zen Buddhism arose, Zen temples promote meditation (karesansui- dry landscapes)
• Muromachi painting varies greatly in subject and style (some Chinese roots)
• Many great works of art commissioned for Momoyama warlords (using symbols of power like lions)
• Importance of Japanese tea ceremony as social ritual

• Rinpa painting and crafts feature vivid colors and gold (Boat Bridge box by Honami Koetsu)
• Growing urbanization -> fostered focus on sensual pleasure and theatrical entertainment (Ukiyo-E Woodblock prints!!)
• Western art began to influence Japanese work after 1868 Tokugawa Shogunate fell (shading, perspective and oils!)
• In Japan, traditional and modern art flourish side by side